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Africa's most valuable companies in 2023: A look at the top 250 companies

Africa's most valuable companies in 2023: A look at the top 250 companies
  • African Business has released its annual ranking of Africa's top 250 listed companies.
  • The combined market capitalisation of the top 250 companies has fallen from $701 billion to $561 billion since last year's survey.
  • The position of South African companies within the pan-African corporate landscape is particularly interesting as they continue to dominate the rankings.

African Business has released its annual ranking of Africa's top 250 listed companies, which indicates that these firms continue to face challenging business conditions. Despite some signs of diversification in the make-up of Africa's corporate giants, the bounce-back from the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic has not been sustained.

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The combined market capitalisation of the top 250 companies has fallen from $701 billion to $561 billion since last year's survey, which is below the record $948 billion achieved in 2015. Although the 2022 figure represented a strong recovery from the low of $556 billion recorded in 2020, many companies enjoyed a temporary bounce from the release of pent-up demand.

The lion's share of this year's fall is due to big drops in the value of South African stocks, from $488 billion to $375 billion over the past year. The position of South African companies within the pan-African corporate landscape is particularly interesting. Stock values on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) have tumbled in dollar terms over the past year through a variety of factors, including the falling value of the rand, the underlying weakness of the South African economy, and the impact of low infrastructural investment on power supplies and transport reliability. This is reflected in the survey, with the number of South African entries in our Top 250 falling from 133 last year to 96 in our 2023 rankings.

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Despite continued weak economic growth in South Africa, the country's 96 corporations listed in the table of the continent's Top 250 companies completely dominate it, taking 67% of its entire value this year, with a combined market capitalisation of $375bn out of the $556bn total for the Top 250. Nine of the top ten slots in the table are filled by South African companies, with only telecoms company MTN Nigeria intruding into a perfect ten, while 15 out of the top 20 are South African. Of the remaining five, three are Nigerian and two Moroccan, which fairly reflects the balance of power in the overall table.

Internet and multimedia company Naspers retains the top position with a market capitalisation of $81 billion, up from $50 billion last year, although still down from a high point of $104 billion in 2021. Naspers also has the highest net income by a long way, with $12 billion, ahead of Anglo-American Platinum with $2.7 billion. However, analysts have suggested that some of the company's operations may have little room for growth in its domestic market.

This ranking was compiled with a methodology based on market value at the end of March 2023. The 250th position in the rankings was achieved with $394 million in 2018, but that figure fell this year to the $229 million valuation of Cleopatra Hospital in Egypt.

Ranking 2023 Ranking 2022 Name Sector Stock Exchange Market Value 31/03/2022 ($m) Market Value 31/03/2023 ($m) Revenue latest ($m) Net Income latest ($m)
1 1 Naspers Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 49,619 80,865 7,940 12
2 3 FirstRand Finance South Africa 29,739 19,090 6,178 2
3 5 Standard Bank Group Finance South Africa 20,915 16,347 7,183 2
4 6 Vodacom Group Telecommunications South Africa 20,102 14,292 6,334 1
5 2 Anglo American Platinum Non-Energy Materials South Africa 36,429 14,265 9,056 3
6 4 MTN Group Telecommunications South Africa 24,500 13,537 11,381 1
7 10 Gold Fields Non-Energy Materials South Africa 13,909 11,936 4,287 711
8 7 Capitec Bank Holdings Finance South Africa 18,604 11,044 1,861 587
9 18 MTN Nigeria Telecommunications Nigeria 10,471 10,602 4,370 779
10 20 AngloGold Ashanti Non-Energy Materials South Africa 10,032 10,196 4,501 297
11 15 Dangote Cement Non-Energy Materials Nigeria 11,203 9,986 3,512 830
12 16 Absa Group Finance South Africa 11,048 8,686 5,438 1
13 8 Sasol Non-Energy Materials South Africa 15,354 8,638 17,920 2
14 19 Attijariwafa Bank Finance Morocco 10,250 8,335 2,528 582
15 9 Kumba Iron Ore Non-Energy Materials South Africa 14,446 8,163 4,058 988
16 11 Impala Platinum Holdings Non-Energy Materials South Africa 13,062 7,874 6,842 2
17 24 Bid Corp Consumer Services South Africa 7,300 7,533 8,686 289
18 21 Shoprite Holdings Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 9,577 7,408 10,658 331
19 13 Maroc Telecom Telecommunications Morocco 11,782 7,307 3,454 266
20 31 BUA Cement Non-Energy Materials Nigeria 5,759 7,192 620 217
21 17 Sanlam Finance South Africa 11,003 7,075 5,257 584
22 23 Nedbank Group Finance South Africa 8,153 6,252 3,496 785
23 14 Sibanye Stillwater Non-Energy Materials South Africa 11,581 5,844 7,534 1
24 26 Investec Finance South Africa 6,716 5,503 n/a n/a
25 12 Safaricom Telecommunications Kenya 11,898 5,473 2,567 581
26 22 Discovery Finance South Africa 8,393 5,333 3,390 316
27 37 Commercial International Bank Finance Egypt 5,009 4,967 1,078 528
28 25 Airtel Africa Telecommunications Nigeria 6,903 4,949 3,820 511
29 35 Bidvest Group Consumer Cyclicals South Africa 5,209 4,860 5,813 311
30 27 Aspen Pharmacare Holdings Healthcare South Africa 6,186 4,607 2,265 381
31 32 Banque Centrale Populaire Finance Morocco 5,622 4,513 1,986 235
32 30 Remgro Finance South Africa 5,826 4,306 4,238 362
33 38 B2gold Corp Non-Energy Materials Namibia 4,856 4,240 2,347 388
34 59 BUA Foods Consumer Non-Cyclicals Nigeria 2,575 3,985 n/a n/a
35 34 Exxaro Resources Energy South Africa 5,296 3,673 2,526 756
36 43 Woolworths Holdings Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 4,160 3,640 4,698 218
37 29 Pepkor Consumer Cyclicals South Africa 5,886 3,568 4,715 354
38 36 Clicks Group Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 5,160 3,536 2,180 126
39 46 Afreximbank (DRs) Finance Mauritius 4,038 3,510 n/a n/a
40 42 Bank of Africa (formerly BMCE) Finance Morocco 4,238 3,318 1,520 225
41 40 Old Mutual Finance South Africa 4,437 3,268 4,711 403
42 28 Northam Platinum Non-Energy Materials South Africa 5,919 3,236 2,029 586
43 39 LafargeHolcim Maroc Non-Energy Materials Morocco 4,623 3,167 n/a n/a
44 44 Multichoice Telecommunications South Africa 3,989 3,077 3,552 65
45 33 OUTsurance Group (formerly Rand Merchant Investment) Finance South Africa 5,471 3,016 n/a 149
46 41 African Rainbow Minerals Non-Energy Materials South Africa 4,400 2,921 984 723
47 53 African Rainbow Capital Investments Finance South Africa 2,977 2,758 n/a n/a
48 55 Sonatel Telecommunications Côte d'Ivoire 2,680 2,617 2,328 444
49 51 Harmony Gold Mining Non-Energy Materials South Africa 3,117 2,549 2,514 62
50 48 Growthpoint Properties Finance South Africa 3,456 2,525 422 299
51 71 Managem Non-Energy Materials Morocco 2,040 2,462 938 157
52 63 Vivo Energy Consumer Cyclicals South Africa 2,279 2,455 n/a n/a
53 NEW Orange Côte d'Ivoire Telecommunications Côte d'Ivoire NEW 2,371 n/a n/a
54 50 Royal Bafokeng Platinum Non-Energy Materials South Africa 3,194 2,346 858 179
55 57 Distell Group Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 2,641 2,266 1,939 130
56 58 TAQA Morocco Utilities Morocco 2,614 2,215 1,323 127
57 45 Mr Price Group Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 3,906 2,142 1,629 202
58 52 Ninety One (previously part of Investec) Finance South Africa 3,095 2,108 n/a 257
59 70 Tiger Brands Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 2,066 2,038 1,942 161
60 56 Nestle Nigeria Consumer Non-Cyclicals Nigeria 2,658 1,859 970 106
61 64 Santam Finance South Africa 2,277 1,849 1,498 110
62 78 Abou Kir Fertilizers & Chemicals Non-Energy Materials Egypt 1,717 1,795 852 434
63 81 Zenith Bank Finance Nigeria 1,691 1,761 2,052 486
64 NEW Geregu Power Energy Nigeria NEW 1,753 115 25
65 49 The Foschini Group Consumer Cyclicals South Africa 3,339 1,697 2,742 184
66 54 Ciments du Maroc Non-Energy Materials Morocco 2,766 1,680 n/a n/a
67 77 MCB Group Finance Mauritius 1,723 1,664 526 213
68 88 Guaranty Trust Holding Company Finance Nigeria 1,585 1,629 974 396
69 79 Thungela Resources Energy South Africa 1,715 1,601 2,773 995
70 62 Life Healthcare Healthcare South Africa 2,340 1,595 1,619 88
71 61 COSUMAR Consumer Non-Cyclicals Morocco 2,378 1,589 1,034 81
72 72 Marsa Maroc Industrials Morocco 2,014 1,536 381 n/a
73 66 Spar Group Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 2,237 1,529 7,877 129
74 67 Sappi Non-Energy Materials South Africa 2,208 1,477 7,296 536
75 96 Egypt Kuwait Holding Finance Egypt 1,433 1,456 1,053 241
76 74 Momentum Metropolitan Finance South Africa 1,774 1,443 0 210
77 98 Tanzania Breweries Consumer Non-Cyclicals Tanzania 1,386 1,374 n/a n/a
78 85 Telecom Egypt Telecommunications Egypt 1,633 1,369 1,436 298
79 83 AVI Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 1,658 1,332 806 102
80 76 Scancom (MTN Ghana) Telecommunications Ghana 1,726 1,330 772 222
81 80 Afriquia Gaz Energy Morocco 1,709 1,311 n/a n/a
82 93 Eastern Company Consumer Non-Cyclicals Egypt 1,478 1,307 887 187
83 84 Equity Group Holdings Finance Kenya 1,657 1,296 758 366
84 75 Wafa Assurance Finance Morocco 1,740 1,284 n/a n/a
85 65 Dis-Chem Pharmacies Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 2,244 1,257 1,903 53
86 97 Label Vie Consumer Non-Cyclicals Morocco 1,432 1,231 1,339 57
87 82 Truworths International Consumer Cyclicals South Africa 1,679 1,228 1,039 172
88 69 Qatar National Bank AlAhli Finance Egypt 2,122 1,203 855 332
89 87 Netcare Healthcare South Africa 1,586 1,201 1,249 63
90 101 Misr Fertilizers Production Non-Energy Materials Egypt 1,252 1,183 585 228
91 73 Pick N Pay Stores Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 1,815 1,176 6,134 82
92 68 Delta Corporation Consumer Non-Cyclicals Zimbabwe 2,206 1,165 499 113
93 89 Total Maroc Consumer Cyclicals Morocco 1,568 1,139 1,862 52
94 134 Banque Internationale Arabe de Tunisie (BIAT) Finance Tunisia 787 1,083 433 120
95 95 Société de Fabrication des Boissons de Tunisie (SFBT) Consumer Non-Cyclicals Tunisia 1,441 1,069 420 89
96 109 Stanbic IBTC Holdings Finance Nigeria 1,064 1,057 584 170
97 114 El Sewedy Electric Industrials Egypt 987 1,057 3,009 177
98 91 e-finance for Digital and Financial Investments S.A.E. Finance Egypt 1,550 1,035 n/a n/a
99 47 Econet Wireless Telecommunications Zimbabwe 3,479 1,031 259 61
100 90 Telkom Telecommunications South Africa 1,556 1,029 2,660 164
101 110 East African Breweries Consumer Non-Cyclicals Kenya 1,031 1,015 921 100
102 105 MTN Uganda Telecommunications Uganda 1,124 1,008 617 110
103 99 Motus Holdings Consumer Cyclicals South Africa 1,343 974 5,396 193
104 144 Hosken Consolidated Investments Consumer Services South Africa 691 969 n/a n/a
105 86 Barloworld Industrials South Africa 1,596 955 2,274 123
106 112 Credit Immobilier et Hotelier Finance Morocco 1,009 934 338 64
107 92 Italtile Consumer Cyclicals South Africa 1,508 925 536 110
108 124 Alexandria Containers & Goods Industrials Egypt 848 924 148 106
109 119 Lafarge Africa Non-Energy Materials Nigeria 918 909 810 116
110 104 PSG Konsult Finance South Africa 1,194 882 n/a n/a
111 94 PSG Group Finance South Africa 1,464 871 316 51
112 108 FBN Holdings Finance Nigeria 1,070 865 1,166 249
113 106 Sothema Healthcare Morocco 1,115 864 n/a n/a
114 127 Golden Pyramids Plaza Finance Egypt 833 863 n/a n/a
115 102 KCB Group Finance Kenya 1,231 861 693 411
116 131 DRDGOLD Non-Energy Materials South Africa 817 831 302 66
117 135 Nigerian Breweries Consumer Non-Cyclicals Nigeria 785 825 1,182 36
118 164 Airtel Malawi Telecommunications Malawi 566 807 n/a n/a
119 167 National Bank of Malawi Finance Malawi 542 806 n/a n/a
120 113 MAS P.L.C. Finance South Africa 1,001 787 46 18
121 118 Karooooo (previously Cartrack) Technology South Africa 918 777 n/a n/a
122 158 NMB Bank Finance Tanzania 582 748 n/a n/a
123 139 Vodacom Tanzania Telecommunications Tanzania 743 737 n/a n/a
124 133 Atlanta Finance Morocco 788 728 n/a n/a
125 140 Tanzania Cigarette Co. Consumer Non-Cyclicals Tanzania 733 726 n/a n/a
126 122 Tsogo Sun Consumer Services South Africa 865 717 n/a n/a
127 146 Société Gén´´rale de Banques en Côte d'Ivoire Finance Côte d'Ivoire 686 714 n/a n/a
128 128 Access Holdings Finance Nigeria 833 694 1,575 388
129 160 First National Bank Botswana Finance BOTSWANA 577 690 n/a n/a
130 141 Crédit du Maroc Finance Morocco 702 676 249 48
131 147 Crytel Mauritius Industrials Mauritius 683 671 n/a n/a
132 181 Lesieur Cristal Consumer Non-Cyclicals Morocco 490 671 666 36
133 129 IBL Finance Mauritius 831 662 n/a n/a
134 138 Super Group Industrials South Africa 747 636 2,726 81
135 168 Sun International Consumer Services South Africa 541 635 621 42
136 116 EFG Hermes Finance Egypt 942 635 355 60
137 163 Reunert Industrials South Africa 569 630 650 49
138 130 Société des Brasseries du Maroc Consumer Non-Cyclicals Morocco 821 628 288 40
139 175 Faisal Islamic Bank of Egypt Finance Egypt 518 623 n/a n/a
140 152 United Bank for Africa Finance Nigeria 633 620 875 370
141 201 Ezz Steel Non-Energy Materials Egypt 428 614 2,718 215
142 136 RCL Foods Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 767 602 2,031 60
143 132 Banque Marocaine pour le Commerce et l'Industrie Finance Morocco 812 597 299 19
144 107 Coronation Fund Managers Finance South Africa 1,110 596 n/a n/a
145 150 Co-operative Bank of Kenya Finance Kenya 656 582 356 164
146 115 Talaat Moustafa Group Finance Egypt 954 581 649 74
147 117 Fawry For Banking Technology And Electronic Payment Finance Egypt 926 569 74 9
148 111 Tullow Oil Energy Ghana 1,016 564 n/a n/a
149 148 ADvTECH Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 680 560 383 44
150 126 AECI Non-Energy Materials South Africa 841 558 1,959 75
151 169 FirstRand Namibia Finance Namibia 540 558 n/a 68
152 60 Transaction Capital Finance South Africa 2,440 545 n/a 97
153 121 Omnia Holdings Non-Energy Materials South Africa 870 535 1,337 84
154 197 CRDB Bank Finance Tanzania 433 530 n/a n/a
155 103 Innscor Africa* Consumer Non-Cyclicals Zimbabwe 1,230 228 400 34
156 157 Absa Bank Kenya Finance Kenya 588 525 246 104
157 NEW Illovo Sugar (Malawi) Consumer Non-Cyclicals Malawi 267 523 n/a n/a
158 177 Oceana Group Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 509 510 478 43
159 243 Sidi Kerir Petrochemicals Non-Energy Materials Egypt 300 506 283 40
160 207 Standard Bank Malawi Finance Malawi 402 505 n/a n/a
161 195 Banque Attijari de Tunisie Finance Tunisia 434 505 212 60
162 153 Adcock Ingram Holdings Healthcare South Africa 630 490 519 48
163 178 Aluminium Company of Egypt Non-Energy Materials Egypt 500 485 754 88
164 182 Standard Chartered Bank Kenya Finance Kenya 472 485 165 80
165 149 JSE Finance South Africa 664 480 n/a n/a
166 156 Datatec Technology South Africa 604 479 4,637 34
167 166 Coris Bank Finance Côte d'Ivoire 543 469 n/a n/a
168 NEW Global Telecom Holding (previously Orascom Telecom) Telecommunications Egypt 783 464 n/a n/a
169 155 Poulina Group Holding Consumer Non-Cyclicals Tunisia 616 460 1,069 39
170 159 El Ezz Aldekhela Steel Non-Energy Materials Egypt 578 458 n/a n/a
171 174 Aradei Capital Finance Morocco 520 457 n/a n/a
172 212 NCBA Group Finance Kenya 370 456 n/a n/a
173 172 Ecobank Transnational, Inc. Finance Côte d'Ivoire 472 451 n/a n/a
174 185 Dangote Sugar Refinery Consumer Non-Cyclicals Nigeria 467 448 823 66
175 193 Hightech Payment Systems Finance Morocco 445 447 97 11
176 125 KAP Industrial Holdings Non-Energy Materials South Africa 847 444 1,652 103
177 143 Afrimat Non-Energy Materials South Africa 696 444 295 49
178 187 Banque de Tunisie Finance Tunisia 462 443 135 50
179 200 Union Bank Nigeria Finance Nigeria 431 442 n/a n/a
180 NEW Premier Group Finance South Africa NEW 436 n/a n/a
181 142 Emaar Misr for Development Finance Egypt 699 415 n/a n/a
182 198 Botswana Insurance Finance BOTSWANA 433 407 n/a n/a
183 179 Capricorn Group Finance Namibia 497 405 n/a 69
184 NEW FMB Capital Holdings Finance Malawi 241 401 n/a n/a
185 213 Société Ivoirienne de Banque Finance Côte d'Ivoire 370 398 n/a n/a
186 236 Copperbelt Energy Corporation Utilities Zambia 310 390 n/a n/a
187 203 Heliopolis Housing Finance Egypt 426 386 85 34
188 173 Travaux Généraux de Construction de Casablanca Industrials Morocco 522 384 n/a n/a
189 192 Astral Foods Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 446 382 1,116 61
190 202 Alexander Forbes Finance South Africa 428 382 n/a n/a
191 154 Saham Assurance Finance Morocco 618 380 609 32
192 219 Okomu Oil Palm Co. Consumer Non-Cyclicals Nigeria 343 380 134 48
193 NEW Alexandria Mineral Oils Co. Energy Egypt 277 379 974 61
194 161 Tharisa Non-Energy Materials South Africa 577 375 686 167
195 151 Namibia Breweries Consumer Non-Cyclicals Namibia 636 372 166 26
196 162 Onatel Telecommunications Côte d'Ivoire 574 372 n/a n/a
197 196 Famous Brands Consumer Services South Africa 433 370 n/a n/a
198 218 Absa Bank Botswana Finance Botswana 350 366 n/a n/a
199 230 Grindrod Industrials South Africa 323 359 n/a n/a
200 221 Tsogo Sun Hotels Consumer Services South Africa 342 358 n/a n/a
201 226 Wilson Bayly Holmes Industrials South Africa 332 357 1,015 40
202 NEW Akdital Healthcare Morocco NEW 356 n/a n/a
203 199 British American Tobacco Kenya Consumer Non-Cyclicals Kenya 432 350 217 n/a
204 176 Crédit Agricole Egypt Finance Egypt 509 345 166 77
205 247 Edita Food Industries Consumer Non-Cyclicals Egypt 297 341 250 31
206 NEW Fidelity Bank Finance Nigeria 223 336 668 91
207 211 Juhayna Food Industries Consumer Non-Cyclicals Egypt 374 335 369 21
208 184 Auto Hall Consumer Cyclicals Morocco 469 334 n/a n/a
209 210 Guinness Nigeria Consumer Non-Cyclicals Nigeria 375 333 486 37
210 216 Stanbic Finance Kenya 354 328 131 73
211 231 Presco PLC Consumer Non-Cyclicals Nigeria 320 327 162 46
212 165 National Bank of Kuwait – Egypt Finance Egypt 548 325 n/a n/a
213 220 Housing & Development Bank Finance Egypt 343 316 n/a n/a
214 188 Oragroup Finance Côte d'Ivoire 459 316 n/a n/a
215 222 SBM Holdings Finance Mauritius 337 313 n/a n/a
216 232 Tanzania Portland Cement Non-Energy Materials Tanzania 318 311 n/a n/a
217 204 Mobile Telecommunications Telecommunications Namibia 411 299 170 47
218 245 Arindo Holdings (Mauritius) Industrials Mauritius 299 299 n/a n/a
219 NEW Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank – Egypt Finance Egypt 152 299 198 73
220 229 Oriental Weavers Consumer Non-Cyclicals Egypt 324 299 429 27
221 233 Compagnie Minière de Touissit Non-Energy Materials Morocco 314 293 n/a n/a
222 NEW Orascom Development Egypt Construction Egypt 260 289 337 65
223 NEW Amen Bank Finance Tunisia 207 285 156 43
224 215 Stanbic Bank Uganda Finance Uganda 357 285 295 82
225 227 Hudaco Industries Industrials South Africa 332 282 468 34
226 246 Deep Yellow Limited Energy Namibia 298 282 n/a n/a
227 NEW Palmci Consumer Non-Cyclicals Côte d'Ivoire 244 281 n/a n/a
228 205 Metair Investments Industrials South Africa 409 280 n/a n/a
229 237 Zambia Sugar Consumer Non-Cyclicals Zambia 308 269 n/a n/a
230 186 Curro Holdings Consumer Non-Cyclicals South Africa 467 266 229 13
231 NEW FDH Bank Finance Malawi 131 263 n/a n/a
232 NEW International Breweries Consumer Non-Cyclicals Nigeria 284 262 469 14
233 242 I&M Holdings Finance Kenya 301 260 173 84
234 180 Raubex Group Industrials South Africa 491 257 714 35
235 NEW Société d'Articles Hygiéniques Consumer Non-Cyclicals Tunisia 221 257 255 10
236 NEW Press Corporation Telecommunications Malawi 280 256 n/a n/a
237 238 Les Eaux Minerales d'Oulmes Consumer Non-Cyclicals Morocco 307 256 207 13
238 NEW Egyptian Chemical Industries Non-Energy Materials Egypt 241 256 231 34
239 190 PPC Non-Energy Materials South Africa 455 256 624 5
240 NEW Gemfields Group Non-Energy Materials South Africa 281 256 341 57
241 NEW Nestlé Côte d'Ivoire SA Consumer Non-Cyclicals Côte d'Ivoire 253 252 n/a n/a
242 183 Cashbuild Consumer Cyclicals South Africa 471 251 654 28
243 NEW Flour Mills Nigeria Consumer Non-Cyclicals Nigeria 277 250 2,804 62
244 224 Mpact Non-Energy Materials South Africa 335 249 668 39
245 NEW SBN Holdings Finance Namibia 179 249 n/a 30
246 NEW Union Internationale de Banques Finance Tunisia 159 243 153 33
247 217 CFAO Motors Côte d'Ivoire Consumer Cyclicals Côte d'Ivoire 354 242 n/a n/a
248 137 Arcelormittal South Africa Non-Energy Materials South Africa 759 241 2,302 149
249 NEW CIEL Consumer Cyclicals Mauritius 262 230 n/a n/a
250 194 Cleopatra Hospital Healthcare Egypt 438 229 85 11
This is a Business Insider Article, for more articles like this, visit africa.businessinsider.com

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